or possibly through a combination of both mechanisms

Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Protein Engineering, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry GlcNAcstatin and Microbiology, University of Ghent, Belgium. Insects are given with an extraordinary ability to avoid infection. Their security system utilizes innate immune mechanisms. Until recently, studies on the honey bee #keep##randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# immune system were concentrated on the appearance of the antimicrobial #keep##randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# peptides. Also many proteomic studies on defense were based on muscle or hemolymph. Here we report differential proteomic research that deals with head tissue, tissue that is perhaps not immediately for this immune system. We designed proteomic approach using 2D gel electrophoresis and looked for molecules that were up or down regulated after bacterial challenge. About 60 locations were up or down regulated within the three time-points #keep##randurls[1|1|,|wiki|]# investigated. For identification #keep##randurls[1|1|,|wiki|]# of the places we used various mass spectrometry based techniques. The list of recognized protein Inguinal canal spots contains an olfactory protein, structural proteins, proteins involved in signal transduction, 2 important elegant jelly proteins and metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, protein metabolism and fat metabolism Evolutionary genomics of malarivectors M. V. The An. stephensi cytogenetic and physical genome maps were developed and weighed against the existing genome maps of An. funestus and An. gambiae. We have found availability of synteny but significant shuffling of gene order along related chromosome hands due to paracentric inversions. Three way research has helped us to determine the rearrangement events #keep##randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# BMS-911543 to one of the three lineages. Using computer formula #keep##randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# we have determined the number of rearrangements set between the species and determined genomic segments repeatedly occurring within the inversions. The evaluation of the polytene chromosomes unmasked substantial variations in morphology of heterochromatin among An. stephensi, An. funestus, and An. gambiae. An. funestus has only small heterochromatin within the proximal centromeric location of autosomes, while the An. gambiae centromeric parts contain largely diffuse heterochromatin. The varieties of centric heterochromatin differ among chromosomal arms in An. stephensi. An antibody against the Drosophilheterochromatin protein 1 was employed to localize the regions of intercalary and pericentric heterochromatin on the mosquito chromosomes. As result, genomic segments that have undergone euchromatinheterochromatin transition have been determined. Hence, assessment of chromosome structure between distant mosquito species is useful for pinpointing hot-spots or islands of genome evolution.