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These treated immune cells dominate the cytokine production and are respon sible for the rapid clearance of myelin debris. Prior to the infiltration of hematogenous macrophages, local macro phages proliferate and undergo morphological changes Blebbistatin concentration in line with immunophenotypic signs of activation. These resident macrophages, together with SCs, readily subscribe to myelin phagocytosis. 2-3 weeks after injury, the inflammatory reaction is deterred and macrophages are rapidly eliminated. Generally, WD is believed to produce a powerful pro-inflammatory reaction, as shown by the induction of cytokines such as TNF and, and the reported height of iNOS. Still, one would expect that neurodegeneration might trigger an even more dampened immune response, which will be typically connected with sterile inflammation. To address this question we used a style of WD to investigate which form Eumycetoma of immune response has been induced. Our results unveiled that WD leads to the expression of eral negative regulators of the innate immunity system. Furthermore, a main M2 like macrophage reaction could be observed, reflecting the presence of an im munosuppressive milieu required to initiate wound re pair and restore tissue homeostasis. Material and methods Mice work and induction of peripheral nerve damage All animal experiments were permitted by the local ethics committee, and con ducted in line with the guidelines of the Federation of European Laboratory nimal Science Associations. Axotomy experiments of the N. As previously described ischiadicus were conducted in 6 to 8 week old C57BL6 mice. Briefly, mice were anesthetized using a single intraperitoneal in jection of ketamine and xylazine. An incision was made in the right thigh, and hamstring and gluteal muscles were carefully separated to expose the sciatic nerve. The contra-lateral side was left untouched. For analgesia, bupronorphinum was inserted after surgery. Scam operation studies were done P22077 concentration to evaluate the consequence of damage across the nerve, inflicted from the operation, on the gene expression profile. Intravenous injection of TLR ligands Lipopolysaccharide or triacyl lipopeptide were injected intravenously in 6 to 8 week old C57BL6 mice. PBS was injected in the get a handle on mice. RNA isolation and RT qPCR At defined time points after sciatic nerve transection, the rats were euthanized by inhalation of CO2. The dis tal part of the N. ischiadicus and the contra-lateral get a grip on side were removed, snap frozen and stored at 80 C until use. The nerves were homoge nized in Trizol using a Potter Elvehjem homogenisator, and small fragments were more homogenized by sonic ation.